Содержание
8 Preface
9 List of Main Abbreviations. Unit I. Subjective and Objective Examination of a Patient
10 Chapter 1. Subjective Examination (Inquiry) and its Role in making the Diagnosis
10 1.1. Subject and problems of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases
12 1.2. General plan of clinical examination and a case histor
14 1.3. Subjective examination (inquiry)
14 1.3.1. Approach to a medical interview
16 1.3.2. History taking (Inquiry)
21 1.4. Primary diagnostic hypothesis (initial diagnosis)
21 1.5. The key points for the theme “Subjective Examination (Inquiry) and its Role in making the Diagnosis"
22 1.6 Assessment tests on the theme "Subjective Examination (Inquiry) and its Role in making the Diagnosis"
26 Chapter 2. Objective Examination of a Patient. General Inspection (Survey)
26 2.1. Objective examination
27 2.2. Approach to a general survey
28 2.3. Consciousness (mental state) assessment
30 2.4. Assessment of the patient's position (posture)
31 2.5. Habitus
31 2.5.1. Body-build type and constitution of the patient
33 2.5.2. Nutritional state
34 2.5.3. Facial appearance
35 2.6. Skin and mucosa examination
40 2.7. Examination of the lymph nodes and the thyroid gland
40 2.8. Musculoskeletal system examination
40 2.8.1. Muscular system
42 2.8.2. Bones and joints examination
44 2.9. Thermometry
48 2.10. General condition of a patient
49 2.11. The key points of the theme "Objective Examination of a Patient. General Inspection (Survey)"
50 2.12. Assessment tests on the theme "Objective Examination of a Patient. General Inspection (Survey)"
55 Unit II. Respiratory System Examination
55 Chapter 3. Subjective and Objective Examination of Patients with Respiratory System Diseases
55 3.1. Subjective respiratory examination (inquiry)
59 3.2. The respiratory system inspection
60 3.3. Chest inspection
61 3.3.1. Static chest inspection
64 3.3.2. Dynamic chest inspection
68 3.4. Chest palpation
69 3.4.1. Palpation of the chest in order to identify the pain points
69 3.4.2. Resistance (elasticity) of the chest
71 3.4.3. Tactile fremitus (vocal fremitus)
73 3.5. The key points on the theme "Subjective and Objective Examination of Patients with Respiratory System"
74 3.6. Assessment tests on the theme "Subjective and Objective Examination of Patients with Respiratory System"
79 Chapter 4. Percussion of the Lungs
79 4.1. Percussion: physical bases and technique
82 4.2. Comparative percussion of the lungs
87 4.3. Topographic percussion of the lungs
93 4.4. The key points on the theme "Percussion of the Lungs"
94 4.5. Assessment tests on the theme "Percussion of the lungs"
98 Chapter 5. Auscultation of the Lungs
98 5.1. Method of Auscultatioт
100 5.2. Vesicular (alveolar) breathing
102 5.3. Bronchial (laryngotracheal) breathing
103 5.4. Adventitious breath sounds
103 5.4.1. Rhonchi and wheezes
105 5.4.2. Crackles (coarse crackles, fine crackles, and pleural rub)
107 5.5. Bronchophony
108 5.6. The key points for the theme ''Auscultation of the lungs''
109 5.7. Assessment tests on the theme ''Auscultation of the Lungs''
113 Chapter 6. Laboratory-Instrumental Examination of the Respiratory System
113 6.1. X-ray (roentgenography) and other chest imaging methods
114 6.2. Examination of the lung ventilation (spirography)
119 6.3. Laboratory examination of sputum
122 6.4. Study of the pleural fluid
125 6.5. The key points on the theme ''Laboratory-Instrumental Examination of the Respiratory System'
126 6.6. Assessment tests on the theme ''Laboratory-Instrumental Examination of the Respiratory System''
131 Chapter 7. Basic Clinical Syndromes of the Respiratory System Diseases
131 7.1. Syndromes of the pulmonary tissue pathology
131 7.1.1. Syndrome of focal consolidation of the pulmonary tissue
133 7.1.2. Syndrome of cavity in the lung
133 7.1.3. Syndrome of increased airiness (emphysema) of the lung
134 7.1.4. Syndromes of obturator and compressive atelectasis
136 7.2. Syndromes of pleural cavity pathology
136 7.2.1. Syndrome of thickening pleural membranes
138 7.2.2. Syndrome of fluid accumulation in the pleural cavity
138 7.2.3. Syndrome of air accumulation in the pleural cavity
139 7.3. Syndrome of bronchial obstruction
140 7.4. Syndrome of respiratory insufficiency
144 7.5. The key points on the theme “Basic Clinical Syndromes of Respiratory System Diseases”
145 7.6. Assessment tests on the theme “Basic Clinical Syndromes of Respiratory System Diseases”
149 Unit III. Cardiovascular System Examination
149 Chapter 8. Subjective and Objective Examination of Patients with Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
149 8.1. Subjective examination (inquiry) of patients with diseases of the cardiovascular system
152 8.2. General survey
155 8.3. Survey of the heart region and the peripheral blood vessels
155 8.3.1. Survey of the heart region and greater blood vessels
156 8.3.2. Survey of the peripheral blood vessels
159 8.4. Palpation of the heart area
159 8.4.1. Cardiac impulse palpation
159 8.4.2. Apical impulse palpation
164 8.4.3. Palpation of "thrills"
165 8.5. Arterial pulse palpation
169 8.6. Measuring arterial pressure (taking blood pressure, taking BP)
175 8.7. The key points on the theme “Subjective and Objective Examination of Patients with Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
176 8.8. Assessment tests on the theme “Subjective and Objective Examination of Patients with Diseases of the Cardiovascular System”
180 Chapter 9. Percussion of the Heart
180 9.1. Conception of heart (cardiac) dullness
181 9.2. Delimitation of relative heart dullness
185 9.3. Heart configuration
186 9.4. Transverse length of the relative heart dullness and width of the vascular bundle of the heart
188 9.5. Delimitation of absolute (superficial) heart dullness
189 9.6. The key points on the theme “Percussion of the Heart
190 9.7. Assessment tests on the theme “Percussion of the Heart”
194 Chapter 10. Auscultation of the Heart
194 10.1. Anatomical and physiological bases of the heart auscultation
197 10.2. Rules of the auscultation of the heart
197 10.3. Heart sounds
198 10.4. Changes of heart sounds
198 10.4.1. Quantitative changes of the heart sounds
201 10.4.2. Qualitative changes of the heart sounds
202 10.5. Pathologic triple rhythms
204 10.6. Heart murmurs auscultation
207 10.7. Differentiation of heart murmurs
207 10.7.1. Differentiation of organic and functional murmurs
208 10.7.2. Differentiation of most common organic murmurs
211 10.8. Extracardiac murmurs
212 10.9. Auscultation of blood vessels
213 10.10. The key points on the theme “Auscultation of the Heart”
214 10.11. Assessment tests on the theme “Auscultation of the Heart”
218 Chapter 11. Electrocardiography
218 11.1. Electrophysiological bases of ECG
219 11.2. ECG registration
220 11.3. Normal ECG
224 11.4. Interpretation of ECG
227 11.5. ECG in hypertrophy of atriums
229 11.6. ECG in hypertrophy of ventricles
231 11.7. ECG in the Ischemic Heart Disease (IHD)
238 11.8. Cardiac arrhythmia – causes, classification
239 11.9. Sinus (nomotopic) arrhythmias
241 11.10. Ectopic arrhythmias
242 11.10.1. Extrasystolic arrhythmia (Ectopic beats, Extrasystoles)
246 11.10.2. Paroxysmal tachycardia (PT)
248 11.10.3. Ventricular flutter and fibrillation
248 11.10.4. Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter
251 11.11. Conduction disorders (heart blocks)
251 11.11.1. Sino-atrial block
252 11.11.2. Intra-atrial block
252 11.11.3. Atrioventricular block
254 11.11.4. His bundle branch (intraventricular) blocks
256 11.12. The key points on the theme “Electrocardiography”
256 11.13. Assessment tests on the theme “Electrocardiography”
261 Chapter 12. Laboratory-Instrumental Methods of Cardiovascular System Examination
261 12.1. Instrumental examination in the cardiovascular system diseases
261 12.1.1. Phonocardiography and computer-aided auscultation
263 12.1.2. Chest roentgenogram
265 12.1.3. Echocardiography
268 12.1.4. Myocardial perfusion imaging
268 12.1.5. Cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography
269 12.2. Laboratory tests in cardiovascular system diseases
269 12.2.1. Laboratory tests in acute rheumatic fever
269 12.2.2. Laboratory tests in acute myocardium infarction
271 12.2.3. Lipid tests
272 12.2.4. B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) blood test
272 12.3. The key points on the theme “Laboratory-Instrumental Methods of Cardiovascular System Examination”
273 12.4. Assessment tests on the theme “Laboratory-Instrumental Methods of Cardiovascular System Examination”
276 Chapter 13. Basic Clinical Syndromes of the Cardiovascular System Diseases
276 13.1. Acute coronary syndrome
278 13.2. Syndromes of circulatory insufficiency
278 13.2.1. Causes of heart failure
279 13.2.2. Syndromes of acute heart (left- and right ventricle) failure
281 13.2.3. Syndrome of chronic heart failure (CHF)
286 13.2.4. Syndrome of pulmonary heart (Cor Pulmonale)
287 13.2.5. Syndromes of acute vascular insufficiency (syncope, collapse, shock)
290 13.2.6. Cardiogenic shock
291 13.3. Syndromes of the myocardium hypertrophy and dilatation of heart chambers (cardiomegaly)
293 13.4. Clinical syndrome of the heart arrhythmia and conduction system disorders
295 13.5. Syndrome of heart valves disease
296 13.6. The key points on the theme “Basic Clinical Syndromes of the Cardiovascular System Diseases”
297 13.7. Assessment tests on the theme “Basic Clinical Syndromes of the Cardiovascular System Diseases”
301 Appendix. Answers to the test questions for supervised students' individual work
307 Literature
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Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases. Part I: Examination of Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems

Автор: Немцов Л. М.
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