Содержание
9 PREFACE
10 List of Main Abbreviations
11 Unit IV. Gastrointestinal Tract Examination
11 CHAPTER 14. Subjective and Objective Examination of Patients with Gastrointestinal Diseases
11 14.1. Subjective examination (inquiry) of the gastrointestinal tract
11 14.1.1. Subjective examination in diseases of the esophagus
14 14.1.2. Subjective examination in diseases of the stomach and duodenum
19 14.1.3. Subjective examination in diseases of intestines
25 14.2. General survey of patients in diseases of the gastrointestinal tract
27 14.3. Survey of the oral cavity
27 14.4. Inspection of the abdomen
30 14.5. Percussion of the abdomen
33 14.6. Auscultation of the abdomen
37 14.7. The key points of the theme "Subjective and Objective Examination of Patients with Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases"
42 CHAPTER 15. Palpation of the Abdomen
42 15.1. Palpation of the abdomen: history of the method, rules and purposes
43 15.2. The superficial (light touch) palpation of the abdomen
47 15.3. The deep (sliding methodical topographic) palpation of the abdomen
50 15.4. The deep sliding palpation of the gastrointestinal tract departments
51 15.4.1. Palpation of the sigmoid and descending colon
52 15.4.2. Palpation of the cecum, ascending colon and terminal end of ileum
55 15.4.3. Palpation of the stomach
57 15.4.4. Palpation of the transverse colon
58 15.5. The key points of the theme “Palpation of the Abdomen”
59 15.6. Assessment tests on the theme “Palpation of the Abdomen”
64 CHAPTER 16. Laboratory - Instrumental Examination of the Gastrointestinal Tract
64 16.1. Laboratory and instrumental studies of the esophagus
66 16.2. Laboratory-instrumental examination of the stomach and duodenum
66 16.2.1. Visualization study (endoscopy, X-ray) of the stomach and duodenum
68 16.2.2. Study of the gastric secretion
68 16.2.2.1. Study of the gastric content (juice)
68 16.2.2.2. Intragastric рН-metry
70 16.2.2.3. Blood serum tests for assessment of the stomach secretion
70 16.2.3. Diagnosis of the stomach Helicobacter Pylori (HP) infection
72 16.3. Laboratory and instrumental examination of intestines
72 16.3.1. Visualization study (endoscopy, X-ray) of the intestines
75 16.3.2. Coprology studies
80 16.3.3. Breath tests
81 16.4. The key points of the theme “Laboratory-Instrumental Examination of the Gastrointestinal Tract”
82 16.5 Assessment tests on the theme “Laboratory-Instrumental Examination of the Gastrointestinal Tract”
86 CHAPTER 17. Clinical-laboratory Syndromes of the Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases
86 17.1. Abdominal pain syndrome
89 17.2. Syndrome of the gastrointestinal bleeding
91 17.3. Dysphagia
93 17.4 Rumination syndrome of adults
94 17.5. Dyspepsia
96 17.6. Syndrome of the slow evacuation of the intestinal contents (Constipation)
99 17.7. Syndrome of the accelerated evacuation of the intestinal contents (Diarrhea)
103 17.8. Syndromes of the inadequate absorption (maldigestion and malabsorption)
104 17.8.1. Maldigestion syndrome
109 17.8.2. Malabsorption syndrome
113 17.9. The key points on the theme “Clinical-laboratory Syndromes of the Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases”
114 17.10. Assessment tests on the theme “Clinical-laboratory Syndromes of the Gastrointestinal Tract Diseases”
118 Unit V. Liver and Biliary Tract Examination
118 CHAPTER 18. Subjective and Objective Examination of Patients with Diseases of the Liver and Biliary Tract
118 18.1. Subjective examination (inquiry) of patients with pathology of the liver and biliary tract
122 18.2. General survey in diseases of the liver and biliary tract
125 18.3. Inspection of the abdomen in diseases of the liver and biliary tract
126 18.4. Percussion of the liver
126 18.4.1. General rules of the liver percussion
128 18.4.2. Percussion of the absolute liver dullness borders
130 18.4.3. Height of the absolute liver (hepatic) dullness
131 18.4.4. Percussion of the liver according to M.G. Kurlov’s method
132 18.4.5. Diagnostic value of the liver percussion
133 18.5. Palpation of the liver
137 18.6. Palpation and percussion in the gallbladder pathology
139 18.7. Percussion of the spleen
142 18.8. Palpation of the spleen
145 18.9. The key points of the theme “Subjective and Objective Examination of Patients with Diseases of the Liver and Biliary Tract”
146 18.10. Assessment tests on the theme “Subjective and Objective Examination of Patients with Diseases of the Liver and Biliary Tract”
151 CHAPTER 19. Laboratory and Instrumental Examination of the Liver and Biliary Tract
151 19.1. Functional study of the liver (biochemical blood tests)
151 19.1.1. Pigmentary metabolism
153 19.1.2. Protein metabolism
155 19.1.3. Lipid metabolism
155 19.1.4. Liver enzymes
156 19.1.5. Blood serum microelements
157 19.2. Serologic tests
157 19.3. Instrumental methods for evaluation of the liver structural and functional changes
159 19.4. Instrumental methods for the portal hypertension evaluation
159 19.5. Laboratory and instrumental methods for the evaluation of the gallbladder and bile ducts
159 19.5.1. Study of the bile
160 19.5.2. Instrumental methods for evaluation of the gallbladder and bile ducts
162 19.6. The key points of the theme “Laboratory and Instrumental Examination of the Liver and Biliary Tract”
163 19.7. Assessment tests on the theme “Laboratory and Instrumental Examination of the Liver and Biliary Tract”
168 CHAPTER 20. Clinical and laboratory Syndromes of the Liver and Biliary System Diseases
168 20.1. Syndrome of the jaundice
172 20.2. Syndrome of the hepatic failure
175 20.3. Syndrome of the hyperestrogenemia (hypestrogenism)
176 20.4. Portal hypertension
177 20.5. Hepatic (portal-systemic) encephalopathy
179 20.6. Hepatolienal syndrome
181 20.7. Syndrome of the hypersplenism
182 20.8. Asthenic syndrome in the liver pathology
183 20.9. Biliary pain
185 20.10. Biochemical syndromes of the liver pathology
185 20.10.1. Hepatocellular insufficiency
186 20.10.2. Cholestasis
188 20.10.3. Cytolysis
190 20.10.4. Mesenchymal inflammation
191 20.11. The key points on the theme “Clinical and laboratory Syndromes of the Liver and Biliary System Diseases”
192 20.12. Assessment tests on the theme “Clinical and laboratory Syndromes of the Liver and Biliary System Diseases”
197 Unit VI. Urinary System Examination
197 CHAPTER 21. Subjective and Objective Examination of Patients with Diseases of the Urinary System
197 21.1. Subjective examination of patients with the urinary system diseases
197 21.1.1. Specific complaints of the urinary system diseases
197 21.1.1.1. Urinary system pain
199 21.1.1.2. Dysuric symptom complex
203 21.1.1.4. Complaints of the renal edema
204 21.1.2. Systemic complaints of the urinary system diseases
205 21.1.3. Medical history in diseases of the urinary system
206 21.2. Objective examination of patients in diseases of the urinary system
206 21.2.1. General survey (inspection)
208 21.2.2. Percussion of the kidneys
210 21.2.4. Palpation of the ureteric points
211 21.2.5. Palpation of the kidneys
216 21.2.6. Palpation of the urinary bladder
216 21.2.7. Auscultation of renal arteries
217 21.3. The key points of the theme “Subjective and Objective Examination of Patients with Diseases of the Urinary System”
218 21.4. Assessment tests on the theme “Subjective and Objective Examination of Patients with Diseases of the Urinary System”
223 CHAPTER 22. Laboratory and Instrumental Examination of the Urinary System
223 22.1. Laboratory assessment of the urine
223 22.1.1. Сommon urine analysis (clinical urinalysis, clinical urine examination)
223 22.1.1.1. Physical properties of the urine
226 22.1.1.2. Chemical properties of the urine
230 22.1.1.3. Microscopy of the urine sediment
234 22.1.2. Bacterioscopic and bacteriological study of the urine
235 22.1.3. Quantitative methods of the urine sediment assessment
236 22.2. Renal function tests
236 22.2.1. Zimnitskiy test
237 22.2.2. Assessment of the glomerular filtration
239 22.3. Diagnostic value of the blood examination in kidneys and urinary tract diseases
241 22.4. Instrumental methods of the kidney examination
244 22.5. The key points of the theme “Laboratory and Instrumental Examination ofthe Urinary System”
245 22.6. Assessment tests on the theme “Laboratory and Instrumental Examination of the Urinary System”
250 CHAPTER 23. Basic Clinical-Laboratory Syndromes of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract Diseases
252 23.2. Nephritic syndrome
254 23.3. Nephrotic syndrome
256 23.4. Renal arterial hypertension
257 23.5. Syndrome of the tubular damage
258 23.6. Syndrome of the urinary tract infection
259 23.7. Syndromes of the renal failure
260 23.7.1. Acute kidney injury
262 23.7.2. Chronic kidney disease
268 23.8. The key points of the theme “Basic Clinical and Laboratory Syndromes of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract Diseases”
270 23.9. Assessment tests on the theme “Basic Clinical and Laboratory Syndromes of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract Diseases”
275 Unit VII. Blood System Examination
275 CHAPTER 24. Clinical Examination of Patients with Blood Diseases
275 24.1. Subjective examination (inquiry) of patients in blood diseases
277 24.2. Objective examination of patients in blood diseases
281 24.3. Examination of the lymph nodes
285 24.4. Detection of the excessive bleeding
287 24.5. The key points of the theme “Clinical Examination of Patients with Blood diseases”
288 24.6. Assessment tests on the theme “Clinical Examination of Patients with Blood diseases”
291 CHAPTER 25. Laboratory and Instrumental Examination of Patients with Blood System Diseases
291 25.1. Complete blood count
292 25.1.1. Erythrocytes (red blood cell, RBC) tests
298 25.1.2. Thrombocyte (platelet) tests
300 25.1.3. Leukocytes (white blood cell, WBC) tests
305 25.2. Study of hemopoietic organs
307 25.3. Evaluation of the hemolysis
309 25.4. Study of the hemostasis
314 25.5. The key points of the theme “Laboratory and Instrumental Examination of Patients with Blood Diseases”
315 25.6. Assessment tests on the theme “Laboratory and Instrumental Examination of Patients with Blood Diseases”
320 CHAPTER 26. Clinical Syndromes of the Blood Diseases
320 26.1. Syndrome of the anemia
324 26.2. Sideropenic syndrome
325 26.2. Sideroachrestic syndrome
325 26.3. Syndrome of the funicular myelosis
327 26.4. Myelodysplastic syndrome
328 26.5. Hemorrhagic syndrome
331 26.6. Syndrome of the hemoblastosis
335 26.7. The key points of the theme “Clinical Syndromes of the Blood Diseases”
336 26.8. Assessment tests on the theme “Clinical Syndromes of the Blood Diseases”
340 Unit VIII. Endocrine System and Locomotor System Examination
340 CHAPTER 27. Clinical, Laboratory and Instrumental Examination of Patients with Endocrine System Diseases
340 27.1. Subjective examination (inquiry) of patients with endocrine system diseases
342 27.2. Objective examination of patients in endocrine system diseases
347 27.3. Thyroid gland examination
350 27.4. Laboratory and instrumental examination in endocrine system diseases
350 27.4.1. Study of the thyroid function
352 27.4.2. Thyroid gland imaging
353 27.4.3. Tests of the carbohydrate metabolism
355 27.5. The key points of the theme “Clinical and Laboratoryand Instrumental Examination of Patients with Endocrine System Diseases”
356 27.6. Assessment tests on the theme “Clinical and Laboratory and Instrumental Examination of Patients with Endocrine System Diseases”
361 CHAPTER 28. Clinical Syndromes of the Endocrine System Diseases
365 28.2. Syndrome of the hypoglycemia
370 28.3. Syndrome of the hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)
374 28.4. Syndrome of the hypothyroidism (myxedema)
377 28.5. Obesity
381 28.6. Cachexia
386 28.7. The key points of the theme “Clinical Syndromes of the Endocrine System Diseases”
387 28.8. Assessment tests on the theme “Clinical Syndromes of the Endocrine System Diseases”
392 CHAPTER 29. Clinical-laboratory Examination and Clinical Syndromes of the Locomotor System
392 29.1. Concept of the locomotor (musculoskeletal) system
392 29.2. Inquiry of patients with locomotor system pathology
395 29.2. General survey
398 29.3. Local survey
401 29.4. Palpation of joints
403 29. 5. Laboratory-instrumental methods
403 29.5.1. Laboratory methods
405 29.5.2. Instrumental methods
407 29.6. Basic syndromes (articular syndrome, skeletal muscle damage)
407 29.6.1. Articular (joint) syndrome
412 29.6.2. Skeletal muscle disorders
417 29.7. The key points of the theme “Clinical-laboratory Examination and Clinical Syndromes of the Locomotor System”
418 29.8. Assessment tests on the theme “Clinical-laboratory Examination and Clinical Syndromes of the Locomotor System”
423 Application. Answers to the test questions for supervised students' individual work
431 LITERATURE
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Пропедевтика внутренних болезней. Часть II

Авторы: Немцов Л. М., Прищепенко В. А., Юпатов Ю. Г.
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